Rajvinder Grover, Prabhleen Singh
Introduction: Buffaloes are important in the agricultural environment because they provide milk, meat, and labor. The reproductive health of the herd is one of the most important elements impacting their output. Buffaloes naturally go through anestrus in their reproductive cycle, and knowing and maximizing this period of thoregon football jerseys dallas cowboys slippers mens 8 ft kayak adidas yeezy boost 350 turtle dove custom nfl football jerseys custom sublimated hockey jerseys 8 ft kayak yeezy boost 350 v2 hyperspace bouncing putty egg sac eastpak brock purdy jersey custom youth hockey jerseys college football jerseys fsu football jersey yeezy shoes under 1000e cycle is crucial. This article explores the complexities of buffalo anestrus, providing insight into its causes, effects, and approaches to control.
Understanding Anestrus: Anestrus is the non-cycling phase of the estrous cycle in which female buffaloes do not show indications of heat or estrus. This period is essential for the recovery and preparation of the reproductive system for the upcoming estrous cycles, this time is critical. Although anestrus is a normal occurrence, an extended or irregular anestrus might negatively impact the animal ability to reproduce.
Causes of Anestrus in Buffaloes:
Nutritional Factors: One typical cause of anestrus in buffaloes is inadequate nutrition. A deficient consumption of vital nutrients, including energy and certain minerals, can cause hormonal imbalances and postpone the return of regular estrous cycles.
Environmental Stressors: Buffaloes are very sensitive to environmental changes such as extreme temperatures, inadequate shelter, and social disturbances. Stress can interfere with the release of reproductive hormones that govern the estrus cycle, resulting in prolonged period of anestrus.
Genetic Factors: Genetic factors may predispose certain buffalo breeds to extended anestrus durations. Understanding the genetic makeup of the herd can assist in the development of focused management techniques.
Implications of Prolonged Anestrus: Extended anestrus can cause a reduction in reproductive effectiveness, which can result in longer calving intervals and decreased productivity all around. Maintaining a buffalo farming enterprise that is both commercially and sustainably viable requires addressing anestrus.
Management Strategies:
Optimized Nutrition: Preventing nutritional-induced anestrus requires a well-balanced and nutrient-rich diet. Enhancing reproductive performance can be achieved via routinely assessing and modifying feeding procedures.
Environmental Management: It’s critical to create a relaxing and stress-free atmosphere. Reducing stress and promoting normal reproductive behavior can be achieved by providing adequate shelter, adequate ventilation, and limiting social disruptions.
Genetic Selection: Long-term anestrus can be reduced in buffaloes by breeding initiatives that prioritize choosing animals with the best reproductive characteristics.
Regular Monitoring and Veterinary Care:Proactively monitoring reproductive health through the use of hormone tests and routine veterinarian examinations can aid in the early detection and treatment of anestrus.
Conclusion: A healthy and prolific herd of buffaloes depends on the management of anestrus, a complex element of their reproductive cycle. Buffalo farmers may increase the viability and sustainability of their businesses by improving reproductive efficiency and by knowing the causes and consequences of anestrus and putting appropriate management techniques into place.
Anestrous and its treatment:
Progestogens
They have been widely used for induction of estrus and ovulation in acyclic animals. Various progesterone compounds have been administered to mimic the luteal function by blocking the release of gonadotrophins from pituitary, so that the subsequent withdrawal of these compounds may result in release of gonadotrophins to initiate follicular activity in ovaries with establishment of estrous cycles. Various progesterone preparations including melengesterol acetate, progesterone releasing intravaginal device, Crestar, Syncromate-B; progesterone and PMSG alone or in combination have been employed in the treatment of postpartum
anestrus buffaloes but with wide variation in induction of cyclicity and subsequent conception rates.
Melengesterol acetate (MGA)
Feeding MGA @ 0.5-1.0 mg/animal/day for14-17 days has also been used as a source of progesterone to induce estrus in buffaloes. Although cost of treatment is low and means of admin is trationis easy but lower fertility was observed, which may be due to increased number of atretic follicles, failure of follicles to ovulate, reduced size of CL, reduced sperm trans portand cleavage rate. However, some trials reported better results when pro stagland in was administered16-18 days after MGA.
Progesterone releasing intravaginal devices
Progesterone is administered via the intravaginal route by means of intravaginal devices. Initially, sponges were used which posed problem of retention. This led to development of silastic coils and silicon rubber implants impregnated with progesterone and
finally to PRID and CIDR. These have not only better retention property but also release progesterone at a controlled rate. Also, CIDR-B had better retention property than any other intravaginal device and since then it is the most commonly used intravaginal device. These are used alone or in combination with other hormonal drugs. Incorporation of estradiol benzoate (EB) as a luteolytic agent has enabled short-term PRID/CIDR treatments to synchronize estrus effectively. Using PRID alone for synchronizing estrus in buffaloes gave poor results attributed to relatively high incidence of anovulatory estrus. It has been observed better estrus and conception rates when prostaglandin was administered on the day of CIDR removal than those treated with CIDR alone. Studies suggest the effect of fixed-time artificial insemination in Murrah buffaloes after synchronizing them with CIDR/EB or CIDR/Gn RH and got the conception rate of 22.8percent and26.7percentrespectively. Muru gavel et al (2009) recorded ovulation rate (81%, 47.4%) and pregnancy rates (38.1%, 21.1%) in eCG+CIDR and CIDR treated non -cyclic buffaloes, respectively.
GnRH and PGF2α combinations
GnRH has been used to induce LH release and ovulatory cycle in postpartum anestrus buffaloes (Nasr et al., 1983). The GnRH-
PGF2α protocol involves treating animals with GnRH (day 0) followed by an injection ofPGF2αon day six for luteolysis. This technique eliminates the need for estrus detection for the six- or seven-days period preceding the PGF2α treatment and enables the synchronized estrus in approximately 80% females, during a period of less than four days followingPGF2α. Fertility rates in GnRH-PGF2α treated cows inseminated at detected estrus varied between65 and 85%and were identical to those of cows treated with PGF2α only. It has also been observed that pregnancy rate of 45 % in buffalo cows synchronized with PGF2αalone and 48.8 %when PGF2αwas combined with Gn RH injection at AI.
GnRH-PGF2α-GnRH (“Ovsynch”)
A novel protocol for ovulation developed for cattle, which makes use of Gn RH-PG-Gn RH injections. This protocol controls follicular development and lifespan of the CL. precision of estrus and high fertility rates are due to the Gn RH luteinizing or ovulating the mature follicle and initiating recruitment and selection of a new dominant follicle. An advantage of this regimen is that it can be used data any stage of the estrous cycle and eliminates the use of progestogen besides promoting the resumption of ovarian activity in acyclic postpartum animals. The use of ovulation synchronization with FTAI in buffaloes provides advantages, similar to those found in cattle and additionally by foregoing the need for estrus detection, which is rather difficult laborious and time consuming.
